A framework to evaluate trustworthiness in online video-based information environments

Online misinformation has been shown to be a significant threat, with measurable real world impact. This has become especially evident during the COVID-19 crisis, where online spaces saw the propagation of false or inaccurate information on healthcare, protective equipment, vaccines, and more;causing major public health repercussions. Although many video-based online platforms are used as vehicles of such misinformation and are counted as some of the most popular and influential social media platforms, current research faces a lack of systemic methodology to analyze such content and detect potential misinformation efforts. This work proposes a solution by introducing an adaptable framework. This framework provides indicators of potential misinformation campaigns, addresses issues of large data volumes, and takes into consideration multiple classes of features such as media content, engagement, and user networks. The goal of this research is to integrate into larger, user-facing systems and help members of the information community, data scientists, journalists, or policy makers to make sense of impossibly large information environments and take action based on reliable data. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)

Trust and transformational leadership: A correlation study

The transformational leader's elements are known as the four I's-idealized influence, intellectual stimulation, individualized consideration, and inspirational motivation, but research lacks the inclusion of trust. The assumption of trust in transformational leadership was never investigated through empirical research. The theoretical framework of this study was Fiedler's (1973) contingency theory, Cummings and Bromiley (1996) definition of trust, Bass's (1999) transformational leadership theory, Herzberg's (1968/2008) Motivation-Hygiene Theory, and Sosik and Jung's (2018) Full Range Leadership Development Model. The population selected was individuals serving in leadership roles that practiced transformational leadership. Probability sampling of 142 participants was utilized and involved random sampling that allowed robust statistical interference about the group. Statistically testing of all four research questions rejected/accepted each null hypotheses of trust and each of the four I's of transformational leadership. However, transformational leaders can still achieve satisfaction, effectiveness, and effort that contribute to employee, team, and organizational outcomes with no significant correlation to trust. There were two limitations to the study. The first limitation consisted of 142 participants not having LinkedIn account accessibility through the Department of Defense. The second limitation was the coronavirus pandemic. Neither limitation impacted the study and perhaps enhanced the ability of the 142 participants to take the survey. Trust is not a matter of a different tool utilized by leaders. Trust is not about the tricks associated with gaining trust from followers or strategizing techniques by scholars and theorists. Trust is about character. Trust is about a readiness for an unguarded interaction. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)

How the hotel industry attracts Generation Z employees: An application of social capital theory

Post pandemic, the hotel industry is facing a significant labor shortage. This study investigates how the hotel industry attracts the Gen Z workforce through CSR activities during COVID-19. The study develops a framework based on social capital theory. A total of 407 online surveys were collected, and PLS-SEM was performed to test the proposed model. Results indicate that the person-organization fit increases cognitive trust and affective trust, subsequently affecting hotels' organizational attractiveness. COVID-related knowledge only moderates the relationship between cognitive trust and organizational attractiveness. Moreover, affective trust is weighed heavier by Gen Zs who were currently unemployed, while cognitive trust exerts more influence on those who were currently employed. The study findings provide valuable insights and meaningful implications for hotel managers to attract and retain Gen Z talents. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)

We need a hero: HR and the 'next normal' workplace

During the first few months of the COVID-19 pandemic, employees worked from home in record numbers and enjoyed extraordinarily high levels of autonomy. Now, as employers reopen their doors, we can build on those gains to create better workplaces than the ones we left behind. HR has a window of opportunity in which to develop psychologically safe workplaces, trust-based employment relationships and socially connected workforces. But progress towards better workplaces hangs on a few critical adjustments in the HR researcher-practitioner relationship. HR researchers must work with HR practitioners to identify organization-level interventions and examine their simultaneous influence on employee and employer outcomes. HR practitioners must create sandboxes where those interventions can be pilot tested, and resist their instinctive urge to establish formalised structures and develop monitoring systems. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)

'15 days to slow the spread': Covid-19 and collective resilience

This essay is an exploration of how collective resilience can arise even in the worst of circumstances: a global pandemic that has adversely affected millions. Resilience can be a source of positivity, optimism and hope, and guide the kinds of behaviour to help overcome the challenges posed by COVID-19. This essay have identified three research pathways for collective resilience, but they are by no means exhaustive. People and communities will find other pathways to resilience;my hope is that this essay may spur future researchers to identify new possibilities, to good effect. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)

Populist attitudes predict compliance-related attitudes and behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic via trust in institutions

While previous research discussed populism as a phenomenon of declining trust, we investigated the predictive value of populist attitudes for citizens' trust, attitudes, and behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic. Moreover, we tested the role of trust in several institutions simultaneously. As preregistered, the cross-sectional (N = 1,090) and longitudinal (n = 216) data collected (April to June, 2020) in Germany (n = 617) and Poland (n = 473) showed that stronger populist attitudes predicted higher trust in (a) alternative news media but less trust in (b) mainstream news media, (c) political institutions, and (d) scientific institutions. Moreover, we found negative effects of populist attitudes on acceptance and compliance, mediated via trust in political and scientific institutions (but not news media). (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)

Impact of virtuality on trust, reciprocal relations, and knowledge-sharing behaviors

This non-experimental quantitative survey research examined the impact of virtuality on knowledge-sharing behaviors (KSB) in teams. It investigated the relationship between trust and reciprocal relations (RR) with KSB amongst virtual teams (VTs). It also explored the differences in teams' trust, RR, and KSB when they moved from a non-virtual to a virtual environment during the COVID-19 pandemic. The study used a sample of non-supervisory employees who had experience working on a non-virtual team (before the pandemic) and a virtual team (during the pandemic) from organizations located in Canada. The study used a random probability sampling strategy to generate the sample. Qualtrics, a third-party survey company, recruited the participants using inclusion and exclusion criteria. The variables were measured using the VTTS (Sarker et al., 2003), ARRS (Yi, 2009), and KSBS (Bock et al., 2005) survey instruments. All survey instruments met sufficient reliability and validity standards. The surveys were administered online to participants who met the inclusion criteria and signed the adult informed consent form. The data collected was analyzed using IBM's SPSS version 28. Spearman's rank-order correlation assesses the relationships between the variables. Virtual team trust and RR significantly and positively correlated with KSB amongst VTs. The t tests were used to evaluate the differences in trust, RR, and KSB between the non-virtual and virtual team environments. There was no significant difference between non-virtual and virtual teams for trust, RR, and KSB. A review of the KSB's mean and median statistics revealed that teams' knowledge sharing is low whether members are in a non-virtual or virtual work arrangement. According to the evidence, trust and RR are essential to social exchange behaviors. The data indicated that virtuality did not impact teams' trust, RR, or KSB during the pandemic. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)

Building trust through action learning in an uncertain transorganizational context

This research explored how action learning contributed to the development of trust in a temporary transorganizational system during the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic. In a world fragmented by digitalization, social upheaval, ethnocentric development policies, and global pandemics, trust among people, companies, and governments has eroded. The interdependencies within our society demand collaborative efforts that must not only address the challenges of fragmentation that makes task achievement difficult, but the uncertainty that comes with a lack of trust. This was the challenge for two universities on different continents and their stakeholders: to create a cross-cultural, temporary transorganizational (TS) system at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic and deliver on the educational objectives of a master's-level Organization Development (OD) practicum. The cyclical rhythms of action learning and trust building before and during the practicum contributed to its outcomes of collective knowledge creation and high performance in an uncertain time. Using theories of trust formation and action learning, the authors identified how action learning and trust cycles worked together in a TS system to foster collaboration. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)

Leadership and decision-making under uncertainty

This article in the journal "Gruppe. Interaktion. Organisation. (GIO)" summarizes the challenges of leadership and decision making under uncertainty. These challenges are illustrated using the example of corona management in Germany and related to problems in organizational decision-making processes. The main aim of the text is to shed light on the dilemmas of decision-making using a combination of organizational psychological and organizational sociological perspectives and to explain these dilemmas with reference to the social context of decision making. The final section gives recommendations for an organizational and leadership culture that meets the requirements of decision-making under uncertainty. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved) Abstract (German) Dieser Artikel der Zeitschrift Gruppe. Interaktion. Organisation. (GIO)" gibt einen Uberblick uber die Herausforderungen des Fuhrens und Entscheiden unter Unsicherheit. Diese Herausforderungen werden am Beispiel des deutschen Corona-Managements illustriert und auf Problemlagen in organisationalen Entscheidungsprozessen bezogen. Der Text verfolgt vorrangig den Anspruch, Dilemmata des Entscheidens in einer Kombination organisationspsychologischer und organisationssoziologischer Perspektiven herauszuarbeiten und vor dem Hintergrund sozialer Kontextbedingungen aufzuschliesen, gibt aber auch Empfehlungen fur die Gestaltung einer Organisations- und Fuhrungskultur, die den Anforderungen des Entscheidens unter Unsicherheit Rechnung tragt. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)

An online investigation into factors related to Black maternal mortality using retrospective recall of a prior birth hospitalization with a risk of death- predicting medical mistrust

The problem that this study addressed was the high rate of maternal mortality for Black women in the United States, which has been rising, including before the COVID-19 pandemic. The goal was to identify significant predictors of medical mistrust. The study recruited a convenience sample via an online social media campaign. The resultant sample was 100% Black and female (N=192) with a mean age of 33.23 (SD= 4.980, min=24, max=61), while 94.8% were born in the United States (n=182). Using background stepwise regression, the following were found to be significant predictors of a higher level of medical mistrust: older age (B = .033, p = .001);higher levels of education (B = 0.205, p = .000);lower annual household income (B = -.055, p = .026);higher level of perceived racism, discrimination, and inequity in treatment from medical staff (B = 0.137, p = .046);lower levels of cultural sensitivity/ competence/ humility ratings for medical staff (B = -.155, p = .002);higher past year mental distress (i.e., Depression, Anxiety, Insomnia and Trauma) (B = .369, p = .000);and lower levels of social support post-partum (B = -0.162, p = .004)-with 46.5% of the variance predicted by the model (R2 = 0.698, Adjusted R2 = 0.465).The study findings highlight a crisis of Black maternal mortality in the United States, as well as a crisis in healthcare service delivery to Black women, as uncovered via this study. The data betrays a dimension of the crisis in healthcare service delivery to Black women who report experiencing discrimination for being Black at 75.5%, for their appearance (skin tone, hair, etc.) at 62.0%, and for being overweight or obese at 28.6%. Implications of the findings are discussed, while recommendations for future research are offered. In terms of those implications, perhaps most importantly, this data effectively identifies the year after a high-risk birth hospitalization as an essential time for ensuring Black women enter counseling with licensed and certified mental health professionals. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)

Science skepticism in times of COVID-19

In the current paper, we argue that to get a better understanding of the psychological antecedents of COVID-related science skepticism, it is pivotal to review what is known about the (social) psychology of science skepticism. Recent research highlighting the role of ideologies and worldviews in shaping science skepticism can inform research questions as well as pandemic responses to COVID-19. It is likely that the antecedents of general COVID-19-related skepticism substantially overlap with the antecedents of climate change skepticism. Additionally, skepticism about a potential vaccine in particular will likely be fueled by similar worries and misperceptions to those shaping more general antivaccination attitudes, of which conspiracy thinking is particularly worth highlighting. We conclude by reflecting on how the COVID-19 crisis may shape future social-psychological research aimed at understanding trust in science and science skepticism. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)

How important is human service for sustainable restaurant businesses?

Purpose: This study focused on human services, which are gradually disappearing from the food service industry owing to rising labor costs and the aftermath of COVID-19. Design/methodology/approach: The study used the extended values, beliefs, and norms (VBN) theory to examine the relationship between human service attributes and customers' revisit intention. We analyzed the causal relationships between the human service attributes of "trust," "friendship," and "customization," and customers' perceived values, beliefs, norms, and revisit intention. In addition, multi-group analysis was performed according to the restaurants' menu types. An online survey was conducted in January 2021 with adults aged 18 years or older who visited restaurants that provide human services within the past six months. The final sample included 314 participants. Findings: The human service attributes of "friendship" and "customization" had a positive effect on the perceived value, and the "perceived value" had a positive effect on beliefs. "Beliefs" and "social norms" had positive effects on personal norms, whereas "personal norms" and "social norms" had positive effects on revisit intention. Additionally, restaurants' menu types had a partially moderating effect. The results of this study have implications for the establishment of a successful service environment for restaurants, especially after the COVID-19 public health restrictions were lifted. Originality: This study is among the first ones to use the VBN theory for human services in the casual dining industry. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)

Social media and parental trust for teachers: A qualitative study in China

Based on WeChat, the most popular social media application in contemporary China, this ethnographical case study reveals that the development of parental trust for teachers presents as an incremental process. It derives from parents' access to information shared by teachers online, unfolds across their engaging in constant collaborations with teachers, and increases with the formation of their close affective ties with teachers. Such a process is greatly dependent upon the formation of parents' liangxin (which is typically translated in English as "conscience") in regard to teachers. This study, conducted before the COVID-19 pandemic began, indicates that social media like WeChat has turned out to be a critical agent in parents' relationship with teachers that intervenes in their meaning-making process as well as their experience of building trust towards teachers. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)

A framework to evaluate trustworthiness in online video-based information environments

Online misinformation has been shown to be a significant threat, with measurable real world impact. This has become especially evident during the COVID-19 crisis, where online spaces saw the propagation of false or inaccurate information on healthcare, protective equipment, vaccines, and more;causing major public health repercussions. Although many video-based online platforms are used as vehicles of such misinformation and are counted as some of the most popular and influential social media platforms, current research faces a lack of systemic methodology to analyze such content and detect potential misinformation efforts. This work proposes a solution by introducing an adaptable framework. This framework provides indicators of potential misinformation campaigns, addresses issues of large data volumes, and takes into consideration multiple classes of features such as media content, engagement, and user networks. The goal of this research is to integrate into larger, user-facing systems and help members of the information community, data scientists, journalists, or policy makers to make sense of impossibly large information environments and take action based on reliable data. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)

Trust and transformational leadership: A correlation study

The transformational leader's elements are known as the four I's-idealized influence, intellectual stimulation, individualized consideration, and inspirational motivation, but research lacks the inclusion of trust. The assumption of trust in transformational leadership was never investigated through empirical research. The theoretical framework of this study was Fiedler's (1973) contingency theory, Cummings and Bromiley (1996) definition of trust, Bass's (1999) transformational leadership theory, Herzberg's (1968/2008) Motivation-Hygiene Theory, and Sosik and Jung's (2018) Full Range Leadership Development Model. The population selected was individuals serving in leadership roles that practiced transformational leadership. Probability sampling of 142 participants was utilized and involved random sampling that allowed robust statistical interference about the group. Statistically testing of all four research questions rejected/accepted each null hypotheses of trust and each of the four I's of transformational leadership. However, transformational leaders can still achieve satisfaction, effectiveness, and effort that contribute to employee, team, and organizational outcomes with no significant correlation to trust. There were two limitations to the study. The first limitation consisted of 142 participants not having LinkedIn account accessibility through the Department of Defense. The second limitation was the coronavirus pandemic. Neither limitation impacted the study and perhaps enhanced the ability of the 142 participants to take the survey. Trust is not a matter of a different tool utilized by leaders. Trust is not about the tricks associated with gaining trust from followers or strategizing techniques by scholars and theorists. Trust is about character. Trust is about a readiness for an unguarded interaction. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)

Cooperation at work for professionals working in oncology hospitals

Health professionals took on an important role in the fight against the Covid-19 pandemic. It is understood that the current context requires attention to these workers, especially with regard to aspects that concern the work and mental health of the teams. Thus, this article aims to analyze the perception of professionals working in cancer hospitals about cooperation at work. Seventeen health professionals who work in cancer hospitals participated by answering a sociodemographic questionnaire and a semi-structured interview carried out by video-conference. Data were analyzed using the IRAMUTEQ software (Interface of R for Multi-Dimensional Text and Questionnaire Analysis). The results showed cooperation as a determinant in oncology work, especially through communication, as it is through this that trust is established and that individuals can build, together, new possibilities for action. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved) (Portuguese) Os profissionais da saude assumiram um papel importante no enfrentamento contra pandemia da Covid-19. Nesse sentido, entende-se que o atual contexto requer atencao a esses trabalhadores, sobretudo no que se refere aos aspectos que concernem ao trabalho e a saude mental das equipes. Assim, esse artigo tem como objetivo analisar a percepcao dos profissionais que atuam em hospitais oncologicos acerca da cooperacao no trabalho. Participaram dessa pesquisa 17 profissionais da saude, que responderam a um questionario sociodemografico e a uma entrevista semiestruturada realizada por videoconferencia. Os dados foram analisados por meio do Software IRAMUTEQ (Interface de R pour les Analyses Multidimensionnelles de Textes et de Questionnaires). Os resultados evidenciaram a cooperacao como determinante no trabalho em oncologia, sobretudo por meio da comunicacao, pois e atraves dela que a confianca se estabelece e que os individuos podem construir, juntos, novas possibilidades de atuacao. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved) (Spanish) Los profesionales de la salud asumieron un papel importante en la lucha contra la pandemia Covid-19. En este sentido, se entiende que el contexto actual requiere atencion a estos trabajadores, especialmente en lo que se refiere a aspectos que conciernen al trabajo y la salud mental de los equipos. Asi, este articulo tiene como objetivo analizar la percepcion de los profesionales que trabajan en los hospitales oncologicos sobre la cooperacion en el trabajo. Participaron de esta investigacion 17 profesionales de la salud, quienes respondieron un cuestionario sociodemografico y una entrevista semiestructurada realizada por videoconferencia. Los datos se analizaron utilizando el software IRAMUTEQ (R interface pour les Analyzes Multidimensionnelles de Textes et de Questionnaires). Los resultados mostraron que la cooperacion es un factor determinante en el trabajo oncologico, especialmente a traves de la comunicacion, ya que es a traves de ella que se establece la confianza y que los individuos pueden construir, juntos, nuevas posibilidades de accion. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)

Project management skills for highly successful virtual project teams

Virtual project teams gained wider acceptance in organizations over the past 30 years, supported by improved communications technology and spurred by global competition. Virtual working arrangements provide benefits to employers, employees, and the environment. The COVID-19 pandemic of 2020-2021 stimulated the transition from traditional to virtual project teams. Project management in the virtual environment requires different skills than leading in the collocated environment. Skills that lead to successful project outcomes in the traditional environment do not simply transfer to the virtual environment. Project managers must focus on new skills, especially those that contribute to developing open communication and building trust. This qualitative case study examined the problem that some project managers lack the skills to lead in the virtual environment, resulting in reduced project efficiency, productivity, and overall success. This case study also filled a gap in the literature, providing real-world best practices of project management leadership skills applied in the virtual environment. Seventeen (17) virtual project team managers and project team members from the MITRE Corporation, a leader in the government contracting industry, shared their experiences leading successful project teams. Through semi-structured interviews, coding, and analysis, five main themes emerged: Importance of Communication to the Success of Virtual Project Teams, Importance of Trust on the Performance of Virtual Project Teams, The Effective Implementation of Technology is Foundational to the Success of Virtual Project Teams, Virtual Project Teams Create Advantages, and Virtual Project Teams Present Challenges. The practical application of these themes resulted in nine lessons learned. Understanding these themes and applying the lessons learned should improve the practice of project management, general business, and virtual project success. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)

Perceptions of trust and teacher collaboration during the COVID-19 pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic necessitated teacher collaboration in unprecedented ways, ensuring students continued to learn amid unforeseen obstacles. In this study, I explored how trust relationships were perceived within Professional Learning Communities (PLCs) and with building administrators during the COVID-19 pandemic using a theoretical framework built on social constructivism and Tschannen-Moran's five facets of trust. This study addressed the following research question: What perceptions of trust within PLCs were reported by teachers and building administrators during the COVID-19 pandemic in a small, suburban K-2 school in the state of Wisconsin? I conducted a qualitative case study of five kindergarten through second-grade teachers on collaborative grade level teams, as well as their two building administrators. Key findings from the study indicated that (a) definitions of trust varied by positionality;(b) the shifting work and purpose of PLCs positively affected trust;(c) perceptions around equity of the workload was dependent on technology skill sets that decreased trust and seeking help when needed that increased trust;and (d) conflict and venting were outcomes of unmet appreciation, decreasing trust. Recommendations for stakeholders included the following: (a) building capacity for trust based on essential elements of benevolence, honesty, openness, reliability and competence;(b) reorienting the work and purpose of PLCs post-pandemic;(c) providing train- ing around conflict resolution to thwart unproductive venting;(d) establishing a culture where asking for help is seen as an asset;and (e) being specific when communicating appreciation. At the time of this study, schools remained in the COVID-19 pandemic;it was my aim that educators might benefit from this study in present and future crises. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)

Role of leadership motivation: Influences by new generations and factors effecting motivation

The role of leadership motivation is the cornerstone of organizational excellence. The 21st Century embarked with a variety of new and unique challenges that has impacted the health sector organizational structure. The spiraling effect continues as new measures are researched and continuing scholarly research is conducted. There are barriers within the role of leadership and notable impacts that these barriers have on the culturally diverse multigenerational workforce in the health sector. The leadership role embarks on an integral role in the process of motivating generational cohorts within the health sector organization. Utilizing effective leadership development, leadership styles, effective communication, and motivating employees effectively to bring about constant growth, change, building trust, and breaking down the barriers within an organization through all generational interaction and engagement to bring about integral brilliance that can truly make a global difference for generations to come. The purpose of this quantitative quasi-experimental research design study was to determine the relationship of trust measurement scores between cohorts and health leadership management teams and to improve the professional development training programs in the health care industry. Researching effects of leaders and their role of leadership motivation can help provide new insights into the application of leadership training and implementation of development of leadership training programs, while also helping to build trust and repertoire of effective leadership techniques across a multigenerational workforce. An electronic survey was utilized obtaining data from health sector generational cohorts. A MANOVA was used to address the research questions. The null hypotheses (H10 and H20) therefore were rejected, further suggesting that there were significant differences in autonomy (satisfaction/frustration) by generational cohorts. The approach of utilizing a quantitative study was favorable in the overall delivery of quantifiable responses, to demonstrate how effective professional development programs can be used to foster employee turnover and collaboration. Within the last year our world has experienced unforeseen changes due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The economy, employment levels, and organizational growth have been affected. Research should be considered that could further evaluate the motivational needs of the health sector generational cohorts before, during, and after the present-day threats have concluded. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)

Bullying in student affairs: Our little secret

The intent of this narrative dissertation was to uncover how staff members in divisions of student affairs experience bullying, how it has affected their trust for the profession and their colleagues and supervisors, and how the power dynamic within workplace bullying has an effect on the experience for professionals. It is important to recognize bullying does exist in student affairs, an area focused on positive development and growth for students, and to understand more about the effect of bullying in student affairs on staff. Bullying experiences can result in good student affairs professionals leaving the profession. The frameworks used in this study are guided by social identity and organizational culture as these frameworks are well suited for workplace bullying in Student affairs. Data collection included individual interviews with different participants within Mid-Atlantic universities. Social media and institutional contacts were used to solicit participants. Due to the current COVID-19 pandemic, all interviews were conducted virtually. Three findings emerged from the data collected: 1. Significant emotions and fear result from workplace bullying. 2. A power dynamic between the supervisor and supervisee exists. 3. Relationships and trust become damaged as a result of workplace bullying. This study concluded the following: 1. Bullying exists in student affairs. 2. There is a gap in the literature for workplace bullying in student affairs. 3. More training needs to be done with HR and administrators. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)